Alan M. Turing: Theories of everything

Alan M. Turing also contributed to fields other than cryptanalysis and computers.

Near the end of World War II, Turing helped develop a method of providing secure voice communication (called SIGSALY) that used pulse code modulation, which was a method of converting sound into discrete elements that was new at that time.

Turing investigated morphogenesis, how multi-celled organisms acquire their shape, and how non-uniform features could arise out of a uniform starting state.

Turing noticed that in apparently stable chemical systems, diffusion can cause changes that become more complex with time. This can cause oscillating chemical reactions or chaotic behavior.

Turing also designed the first chess-playing program; he also took up long-distance running, and occasionally ran 40 miles to work.